In vivo effect of titanium tetrafluoride and sodium monofluorophosphate dentifrice on remineralization: a preliminary split-mouth clinical trial.

The aim of this preliminary, split-mouth clinical trial was to evaluate how incipient carious lesions on permanent tooth enamel were affected by 4% titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) when used with a sodium monofluorophosphate (MFP) dentifrice. Eight children were selected for this study, providing 18 pairs of permanent anterior teeth with incipient carious lesions. TiF4 was applied once to half of the sample teeth, while all teeth were brushed with the MFP dentifrice for four weeks. Clinical (texture, size, and brightness) and illustrative (photos and scanning electronic microscope replica) evaluations were performed. Descriptive-statistical analysis of the data was performed by analyzing pairs of teeth, using statistical software. Remineralization occurred in 13 of the 18 pairs of teeth that received both forms of treatment; seven pairs were partially remineralized while six pairs showed total remineralization (McNemar test: p = 0.375). Teeth treated with both TiF4 and MFP showed a 74.5% reduction in lesion size, compared to a 67% reduction in teeth treated with the MFP dentifrice only. The results indicate that a single application of TiF4 in conjunction with toothbrushing with a fluoride-containing dentifrice was no more effective than the use of dentifrice alone for treating incipient carious lesions.

Preparation and evaluation of antimicrobial activity of nanosystems for the control of oral pathogens Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans.

BACKGROUND: Diseases that affect the buccal cavity are a public health concern nowadays. Chlorhexidine and nystatin are the most commonly used drugs for the control of buccal affections. In the search for more effective antimicrobials, nanotechnology can be successfully used to improve the physical chemical properties of drugs whilst avoiding the undesirable side effects associated with its use. Herein described are studies using nystatin and chlorhexidine with sodium montmorillonite (MMTNa), and chlorhexidine with ß-cyclodextrin and two derivatives methyl-ß-cyclodextrin and hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin in the development of antimicrobial nanosystems. METHODS: The nanosystems were prepared by kneading and solubilization followed by freeze-drying technique. The nanosystems were characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Nanosystem antimicrobial activity against Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans strains was evaluated with inhibition halo analysis. RESULTS: The nanocarriers MMTNa and cyclodextrins showed good yields. XRPD, FTIR, and DSC analysis confirmed the proposed nanosystems formation and the suitability of the production methods. The nanosystems that showed best antimicrobial effect were chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) and cyclodextrin inclusion complexes and CHX:MMTNa 60% cation exchange capacity - 24 hours. CONCLUSION: The nanosystem formulations present higher stability for all chlorhexidine inclusion complexes compared with pure chlorhexidine. The nystatin nanosystems have the potential to mask the bitter taste, justifying subsequent in-vivo studies. For these reasons, further studies are being carried out to evaluate their application in professional formulations.

Adverse effects associated with the clinical use of 4% TiF4 on teeth enamel: case report.

Titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) has been studied in dentistry as a promissory alternative for prevention and treatment of carious lesions. However, there are few in vivo studies concerning the consequences of its use on tooth enamel. The goal of this study was to report the effects of a 4% TiF4 application on the remineralization of an incipient carious lesion of a permanent tooth. This research found an unexpected clinical outcome. A patient with active white spots had two of these lesions treated with 4% TiF4 associated with fluoridated dentifrice and another lesion treated with fluoridated dentifrice only, thus the remineralization of the two kinds of treatment administered could be observed and compared. An extrinsic pigment appeared in the regions that received the TiF4 treatment, which was partially removed by professional prophylaxis. Also, regular recidivists of this pigmentation in the review consultations were noted. The authors concluded that although the use of 4% TiF4 was effective in treating incipient carious lesions on enamel, it was also responsible for an undesired pigmented layer on the tooth to which it was applied. Beyond the varied fluoridated materials used in dentistry, titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) deserves attention. This compound has the common properties of fluorides, and researchers are exploring its role in carious lesion prevention, fissure sealing, and tooth erosion prevention in in vitro and in situ studies. Research is also exploring its use for microinfiltration prevention in tooth restoration and hypersensitivity treatment. However, when compared to other fluoridated products TiF4 demonstrates additional, specific particularities, such as the formation of a titanium dioxide (TiO2) layer, which is tough, hydrophobic, and resistant in acidic environments. Nevertheless, there are insufficient in vivo studies concerning the consequences of TiF4-containing products affecting tooth enamel. Thus, the goals of this study were to report the effects of a 4% TiF4 application on the remineralization of an incipient carious lesion of a permanent tooth and to show the results of a backscattered scanning electron (BSE) analysis that was performed on the primary tooth. The clinical outcome was unexpected.

Erosive effect of an antihistamine liquid formulation on bovine teeth: influence of exposure time

Aim: To evaluate, in vitro, the effect of an oral antihistamine liquid formulation on roughness and topography of bovine enamel and the influence of exposure time on its erosive effect. Methods: Forty-one bovine enamel blocks were prepared leaving an exposed window of 0.8 mm2 Thirtynine blocks were divided into three treatment groups according to media immersion: antihistamine. formulation (Histamin ®), 0.6% citric acid (positive control), and distilled water (negative control). Before immersion of the samples, pH, titratable acidity, calcium, phosphate and fluoride contents of all media were verified. Enamel roughness was evaluated at baseline, and after 5, 15, and 30 min of immersion (9 samples per group). Two specimens from each group and exposure time, and 2 additional specimens representing baseline, were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis test, and the Mann-Whitney test using the Bonferroni correction (á=0.017). Results: Specimens immersed in citric acid showed the highest roughness (P<.001). SEM images showed a progressive erosion pattern in samples immersed in citric acid and in antihistamine formulation. Conclusions: The antihistamine liquid formulation did not promote significant alterations of enamel roughness. Nevertheless, SEM demonstrated that the antihistamine eroded bovine enamel, and the erosion pattern was influenced by exposure time.

Speciation of antimony (III) and antimony (V) using hydride generation for meglumine antimoniate pharmaceutical formulations quality control.

The pentavalent antimonies, mainly the meglumine antimoniate, are recommends as first-choice medicines for leishmaniasis therapy. In this work we described the development of formulations of meglumine antimoniate injectable medication, as well as the analytical methodology used in the selective determination of Sb(III) and Sb(Total) by hydride generation - inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (HG-ICP-AES) and ICP-AES, respectively. On that purpose the analytical methodology was developed focusing on the HG-ICP-AES technique. The formulations using propylene glycol/water as vehicles in a 20:80 proportion were more appropriate for subsequent use in industrial scale. These formulations also showed a lower variation on Sb(III) percentage, no need of buffer solution to stabilize the formulation and no influence of the autoclaving in the quality of the product. The results of the development of the analytical methodology point out the proposed method as an efficient alternative for the determination of Sb(III) in the presence of large quantities of Sb(V) in injectable solutions of meglumine antimoniate, in a selective, linear, accurate and precise manner. In addition, the method showed a low limit of quantification, less interference of the matrix, and more resilience than batch techniques proposed in the Brazilian Pharmacopeia.

Speciation of antimony (III) and antimony (V) using hydride generation for meglumine antimoniate pharmaceutical formulationsquality control

The pentavalent antimonies, mainly the meglumine antimoniate, are recommends as first-choice medicines for leishmaniasis therapy. In this work we described the development of formulations of meglumine antimoniate injectable medication, as well as the analytical methodology used in the selective determination of Sb(III) and Sb(Total) by hydride generation - inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (HG-ICP-AES) and ICP-AES, respectively. On that purpose the analytical methodology was developed focusing on the HG-ICP-AES technique. The formulations using propylene glycol/water as vehicles in a 20:80 proportion were more appropriate for subsequent use in industrial scale. These formulations also showed a lower variation on Sb(III) percentage, no need of buffer solution to stabilize the formulation and no influence of the autoclaving in the quality of the product. The results of the development of the analytical methodology point out the proposed method as an efficient alternative for the determination of Sb(III) in the presence of large quantities of Sb(V) in injectable solutions of meglumine antimoniate, in a selective, linear, accurate and precise manner. In addition, the method showed a low limit of quantification, less interference of the matrix, and more resilience than batch techniques proposed in the Brazilian Pharmacopeia.